Assessment of Saudi Aramco from CSR and Business Ethics Perspective

Question: Examine about the Assessment of Saudi Aramco from CSR and Business Ethics Perspective. Answer: Presentation The reason for this report is to assess Saudi Aramco Company from the points of view of the business morals and corporate social duty utilizing applied methodologies. As the association as of now works in the oil and flammable gas industry hence the business activity of the association is liable for different sufferings of the average citizens and ecological misbalance (Al-Tawfiq et al. 2014). In this way the administration of the association takes different activities to keep up appropriate business morals and energetically contributes a ton for social and ecological causes that makes the association one of the main associations who contributes and takes activities with respect to these issues (Brammer and Pavelin 2016). In this report point by point data in regards to business morals and social duty of the associations are shared alongside a suggestion segment for the business associations working in oil industry. Saudi Aramco is a Saudi Arabian oil organization that is generally k nown as Aramco is an association that works in the business of oil and petroleum gas. The business enterprises net market esteem is approximated between 3 trillion to 10 trillion US dollars that makes it the most important business association (Abro, Khurshid and Aamir 2016). The business enterprise presently possesses the second biggest save of unrefined petroleum and positions second in every day creation of oil. The oil business falls under the point of convergence of the considerable number of discussions seeing supportability as it is the central hotspot for the greater part segment of the vitality that the total populace devours. It very well may be said that the utilization of oil is enormously asset and vitality escalated and notwithstanding that, it prompts significant discharges. The worldwide media frequently presents reports with respect to deficiency of the business morals and the revelation of such untrustworthy practices can summon huge moral issues and can add to the coming of important mindfulness in this unique situation (Gideon Jojo and Baffour Awuah 2017). This report features the connection between the corporate social duties, the firm worth and the moral conduct in the business of oil and gaseous petrol. Theoretical Approaches The moral conduct alongside the social duty of the picked oil and Gas Company are conceptualized by a progression of social and moral lists to watch and speak to those ideas (Berkowitz, Bucheli and Dumez 2017). This specific examination centers around the information base of the speculations of business morals and corporate social obligation develop introducing observational proof to see if CSR alongside different measures are connected with the firm estimation of Aramco that works in the business of oil and gaseous petrol. The oil and gas industry is a massively extended and differentiated industry that gathers income more than 2.5 trillion US dollars every year. This specific report centers around the connection between Saudi Aramco companys business morals and corporate social duties. Business Ethics The business morals have become a significant issue for all the business associations these days and not just for the oil and flammable gas industry (Crane and Matten 2016). It tends to be seen that the expanding natural execution can be considered as a standard for the business associations working in a wide range of ventures and not just for the oil business. In an as of late organized post of right around 4000 individuals from over the realm of Saudi Arabia introduced the way that approaching 85% of them would like to buy items from the business organizations that are relatively socially disapproved (Jamali et al. 2017). 90% of the people who took an interest in the shaft expressed that they expect associations like Aramco should utilize the assets they need to understand different social issues like neediness, medical problems and joblessness (Kolk 2016). It is seen that the business associations working in Saudi Arabia in some cases demonstrate hesitance to impart their deeds th at are acceptable as they feel that a few people may see that like the associations are misusing the causes. In such manner, it must be referenced that as long as the business associations gifts give assistance to the general public, these associations will be sheltered from any sorts of analysis and will likewise have a ground-breaking support for keeping up additionally enduring and positive relationship with all the partners. It very well may be said that Immanuel Kants technique for deontological morals is one of the best way to deal with moral thinking (Hill et al. 2015). Kants expert on the moral speculations I so huge that a portion of the creators allude hypothesis of deontology as Kantianism. This specific methodology of Kant reveals insight into general guidelines to decide right activities and on the job. Kant expressed that cooperative attitude and making a move from the positive attitude is the most significant thing these days. It is advantageous to make reference to that Kant said that the essential guideline of morals is clear cut objective (Idemudia 2017). Kants examination shows three plans and those are referenced underneath; Humankind ought to be treated in an individual as an end and never only as a methods. The people should follow up on the laws that help the natures general laws. An individual should go about as though the individual in question is an individual from a perfect realm where the individual can be contrasted and both the sovereign and the subjects. As indicated by Kant an activities goals as opposed to the outcomes makes the activity great. Subsequently the moral individual is the man who can act having right goals. Without having choice nobody can act along these lines. Utilitarianism is a moral hypothesis that is consequentialist; as it expresses that rightness of a demonstration can be resolved exclusively by the outcomes of that specific demonstration and not by the demonstrations highlights (Berkowitz, Bucheli and Dumez 2017). Hypothesis of Utilitarianism reveals that a particular activity would be correct just in the event that it can advance joy and the activity would be viewed as off-base on the off chance that it summons converse of joy. In this way it tends to be said that the idea of utilitarianism is that the people should take activities to acquire the results which are best for a specific circumstance (Kirat 2015). It is seen that the greatest debate around there of business morals is the set standard of corporate commitments towards the general public. In such manner it very well may be said that the business chiefs don't have the commitments towards the general public where they are working their business past the commitment of them towards the partners of their associations as that would require causing benefits on the off chance that they to comply with the set laws in regards to this issue. In an economy with free market, the corporate administrators are the laborers of the business associations where they have the obligation to answer to their managers (Crane and Matten 2016). In this way it tends to be said that it ought to be the obligation of them to go about as the specialists of the associations and help to maintain the business as indicated by the desire of the businesses. In this setting it is obvious that when these officials go through a specific measure of cash as a type of good cause, they go through cash of others or cash of their bosses and this demonstration absolutely le ssens the money related returns of the partners (Hill et al. 2015). The term social obligation incorporates acknowledgment of a view that is commonly communist with political component. It is the political component and not showcase instrument which is correct procedure to decide appropriation of restricted assets to different employments. In his famous hypothesis of partners, Freeman expressed that successful corporate administration needs thought to the interests immeasurably significant partners and others (Memish et al. 2014). A minimal definition reveals just about the gatherings which are significant for the food of a business association, and then again an expansive definition uncovers that any gatherings that is effective or gets influenced by the business partnership. As per the hypothesis of partners, it is seen that a business associations monetary achievement can be accomplished by giving the interests of the partners thought and furthermore by receiving the approaches o f the association that produces the most ideal parity among those. Every single business association needs to shoulder a moral duty to the entirety of its supporters, for example, the workforce, customers, providers, investors or more all the network. The business partnership impacts each voting public and furthermore gets influenced by those. Each voting demographic therefore turns into a partner of the association, and out of them each consequently has an exact assumption about how much the administration of the association will do that and how (Crane and Matten 2016). The moral duty of a business association creates structure the desire that it will most likely be a productive member of society and will pay the portion of duties and alongside that an enthusiasm to maintain the tasks of the business so that it diminishes the negative effect on the earth (Panwar et al. 2014). Understanding Corporate Social obligation Corporate social obligation this term really alludes to different things the business associations proceed as their push to explore the whirling flows of desires that are changing and the desires that never lingered greater in the every day lives of the associations that incorporates the organizations that works in the oil and petroleum gas industry. These days the term CSR has gotten more well known than any other time in recent memory. It tends to be said that CSR alludes to the activity of the business enterprises that they proceed as they have a commitment towards the outside partners (Akturan 2016). The word obligation in such manner shows the obligation of the associations towards the comm

Sibling Comparison free essay sample

We were sitting at the base of the steps, spruced up in the senseless Christmas furnishes our mother chose for us, simply hanging tight for the moment our great guardians would show up so we could run up and see the entirety of the presents we got for Christmas. It was this time the battling started for who might get the opportunity to run up first. My more seasoned sibling pulled out the â€Å"I’m the most established I ought to go first,† card. My more youthful sibling contention was that since he was the most youthful so he ought to go first, and I was left with basically no contention. The main card I had was the â€Å"I’m the main young lady, so women first,† yet when your more established sibling can whip you your contention truly doesn’t matter. Thus, whichever way on the off chance that we went most seasoned to most youthful, or most youthful to most seasoned I would in any case be second best, never in the number one spot in the kin race of present day ordinary family. The Oldest Child: The best thing about being the most established youngster are they are normally the â€Å"boss† of their more youthful kin, subsequently why the most seasoned wound up continually going first up the steps on Christmas mornings and ruining the shock for every other person. They get the first of everything, fortunately for me we were an alternate size in pants so I got new pants as well, soon after he would get his. They have more duties, procuring my folks trust easily, concerning me The drawback of being the most seasoned is they frequently get set up in place of worship, and can’t pull off close as much as the kin in their shadow. It’s really awful my more seasoned sibling didn’t satisfy my parent’s measures and they went to me to over accomplish. They additionally are depended on the most, fortunetly for my more seasoned sibling he wasn’t depended on past the eighth grade. The exact opposite thing is, they commonly, get irritated by their more youthful kin, as though they were just made to trouble them, this was my strength as a more youthful sister. The primary conceived youngsters rather than their kin are bound to be capable, eager, and dictator. This is most likely in light of the fact that they are naturally introduced to a situation of exclusive requirements, and they typically get a lot of consideration. They are accustomed to being pioneers, assuming liability for other people, and once in a while taking on a practically parental job. My more seasoned sibling happened to be a special case to this, and made life as a center youngster that a lot harder. The Middle Child: The center youngster doesn’t have close the same number of stars as the most youthful or the most seasoned kid, yet the best thing is you can pull off nearly anything you would need. This isn't generally the situation however. Your folks normally watch your more seasoned kin so eagerly that you can go under a radar and have opportunity, until you are medication to everything your more established sibling is in. The center youngster is frequently the most inventive as well and with cautious practice can control your folks, however in the event that you have two siblings who would prefer to see you hopeless, this may not occur. Center youngsters additionally can get counsel from the more established kin and realize what not to do and evade inconvenience, which regularly doesn’t happen when your more seasoned sibling isn’t the most keen colored pencil in the crate. The rundown of cons certainly out gauges the masters, or for my situation there are just cons, for this situation as center kids regularly feel disregarded and overlooked in light of the fact that they don’t get as much consideration from their folks, I’m not excessively poor, yet I’m trying to say it would be pleasant if my more established sibling came to one of my softball match-ups. Despite the fact that us center youngsters don’t get consideration we are regularly accused for the most. Center youngsters display various attributes from firstborns. They are frequently not as decided as firstborns, and will in general be progressively uninvolved and single. Imparting family thoughtfulness regarding more established and more youthful kin, center kids tend to be progressively reasonable, inventive, and astute. They gain from the most seasoned kin mix-ups, and participate in raising the more youthful kin, since this give the center youngster a feeling of direction. The Youngest Child: The aces of being the most youthful youngster are incredible. You are regularly pampered or coddled, which can permit you to get your direction all the more frequently. Also your more seasoned kin eased the heat off of you to be the â€Å"ideal† kid. When you are brought into the world the guardians are bound to be worn out particularly on the off chance that you are naturally introduced to an enormous family, which implies the guidelines will be less exacting and your life will be simpler. You have more established kin that will pay special mind to you. They will have the option to assist you with your homework and you gain from both of their errors, so regularly you never get in a difficult situation. Be that as it may, being the most youthful childâ isnt all pointless fooling around. Your folks arent as prone to have the opportunity and vitality to commit to them that they did to the most established kid, beneficial thing for you that you will have two more seasoned kin to instruct you all that you would need to know. The more seasoned kin will attempt to scare you and supervisor you around. They will be interminably known as the child in the family and their kin and guardians will make some hard memories accepting that they would ever be anything besides the infant. The most youthful will be the most secured, which can mean less opportunity, however it will simply be talks of remaining safe. The most youthful kin will likewise be contrasted with the more established kin all the time, however they had the norms of your folks to satisfy. Most youthful youngsters are regularly more ensured than their more established kin. Subsequently, they are bound to be needy and controlling. They are frequently as imaginative as center kids, however generally progressively nice and social. . They additionally get a great deal of abuse and irreverence from their kin, since they are littler and the more seasoned kids were ruined with consideration and are vexed somebody is taking a greater amount of it. The most youthful kid normally gets the worst part of the deal, as the guardians might suspect all their child rearing is finished when their most youthful is thirteen, while the most established and center got consideration as far as possible up until they were mature enough to move out. Albeit, these jobs in the family are associated I think it’s clear who gets the worst part of the deal (the center youngster). The most seasoned is the first or best and gets all that they need. The center youngster gets the chance to watch the more established kin, and raise the more youthful kin. The most youthful youngster has the street cleared for them, through secondary school at any rate. This is my translation of the cutting edge family with three children.

Spring 2011 Transfer Decisions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Spring 2011 Transfer Decisions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Spring 2011 Transfer Decisions Starting today, the UGA Admssions office will begin reviewing Spring 2011 transfer applications and making admission decisions on files that are complete. This will start off slow, as we are still working with incoming freshman concerning final HS transcripts, and we are still posting updated transfer work for Fall transfers and freshman with dual enrollment credit. We will be reviewing files based upon when an applicant has both applied and submitted all the necessary transcripts. My biggest suggestion is to make sure that all transcripts from all colleges you have attended have been both submitted and RECEIVED by the UGA admissions office. If you attended a local college for a few classes while in high school, send in the transcript. If you attended, a technical school and dont know if the work will transfer, send in the transcript. In other words, if you attended a college, send in the transcript. The status check will show you if the transcript has been received by UGA, and it will also show a date of when we were able to match it with your file. Make sure that you have sent in any and all updated transcripts, as we cannot review a file for Spring 2011 if the last transcript you submitted does not include your most recent college work (for instance, if you sent in a transcript in March 2010, it will not include your Spring 2010 term grades). It is up to you to make sure you get everything in to our office, as we cannot request transcripts on your behalf. As well, do not fax in materials, as they will go straight to the shredder. Please be patient as we review the files, as our team has a number of jobs to complete during the late summer.

Of Mice and Men - 2269 Words

Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck World Literature Mrs. Finke December 7, 2012 Of Mice and Men: A Classic for the Ages Thesis: Despite some impurity Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck should be considered as a classic due to its honesty, truth, loveliness, justice and of good report. I. Introduction II. Impurity A. Swearing B. Violence C. Economic poverty D. Psychological corruption III. Honesty A. Steinbeck’s Life 1. Steinbeck’s thematic vision 2. Wrote about his experience IV. Truth A. Relationship between George and Lennie in their social economic environment B. Compassion toward the victims C. Friendship†¦show more content†¦Their American dream had vanished with their psychological corruption issues. George, regrets shooting Lennie, and Lennie, is overcome by fear after killing Curley’s wife. Their story illustrates their lonely lives. â€Å"The alternative to the companionship that George and Lennie share is loneliness† (â€Å"Themes† 1). Secondly, Of Mice and Men illustrates the honesty of living conditions within the American cultural society of his day. The honesty quality seen in Of Mice and Men goes back to Steinbeck himself. Three of Steinbeck’s novels were set in the Salina Valley. Steinbeck’s birthplace, and hometown, Salina Valley, California, is where this story is also set. He wrote this novel to express his personal perspective of life as he knew it in his era. As a very young man, he was a very hard worker and held a variety of jobs that led to his writing career (â€Å"John† 5). Another example for honesty in the novel is Steinbeck’s thematic visions. Steinbeck’s novel illustrates his thematic visions. According to the journalists, â€Å"at the center of Steinbeck’s thematic vision is a dialect between contrasting ways of life: between innocence and experience, between primitivism and progress, and between self-interest and commitment to the human community† (â€Å"John† 1). His life experiences shows honesty in the novel. His life’s experience, during the Great Depression, helped him toShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men1242 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan states that, in the state of nature mans life is nasty, brutish and short. In depression era America, no greater truth could be said. There were millions unemployed, largely unskilled and living on the margins of society. The lowest of the low were the migrant labourers travelling from place to place trying to scratch a living. They often had to travel illegally by freight car with all its consequent dangers. Their life expectancy was low, crimeRead MoreOf Mice and Men961 Words   |  4 PagesPeople have a tendency to lose sight of their goals and dreams. Mentally, people struggle to maintain their sanity in this game of life that has no set of rules. In the book Of Mice and Men, this story portrays the inequality between people’s dreams and what can actually be accomplished. John Steinbeck, the author Of Mice and Men, utilizes his general themes of friendship and loneliness, through his deep characterization and connection between characters i n order to illustrate â€Å"The American dream.† TheRead MoreOf Mice and Men1352 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay - Fate or Choice? Choice is defined by the ‘Shorter Oxford Dictionary’ as; â€Å"The act of choosing; preferential determination between things proposed.† It also states the definition for fate; â€Å"The principle, power, or agency by which events are unalterably predetermined from eternity.† Is our life choice, can we determine our fate by choosing our path or is our destiny determined for us? John Steinbeck puts forward this question in his novella Of Mice and MenRead MoreMice and men1998 Words   |  8 PagesHey this essay is about me not having one and just wanting a free account.GCSE JOHN STEINBECK The first 200 words of this essay... à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Of Mice and Men Essay à ¢Of Mice and Menà ¢ is the fictional short novel written by John Steinbeck in 1937. Steinbeckà ¢s perspective when writing the novel could be based on the fact that he had once worked on a ranch and had a certain fascination about it. The novel is set in 1930s America and this can be seen as the cause of the very enduring culmination that takesRead MoreOf Mice and Men1006 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of every novel.† In your view, what are the distinctive ideas explored in Of Mice and Men? Explain how these ideas are developed throughout the novel. Themes are integral and fundamental aspects which render the literature valuable. They usually provide insight into the author’s perception and internalisations of the world in which they live. Set in California during the Great Depression, Of Mice and Men, by Steinbeck, illustrates the hardships experienced by individuals as they roamed theRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN1721 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In the book Of Mice and Men, the single women that appeared in the book resented herself as an object. The statement Women today are more often treated by men as equals rather than objects can be true or false. A man that goes to Gentleman s Cubs every night is a different man that studies at Harvard Law School. A striper is going to be a different person than a CEO of a successful business. It’s all about how you present yourself. In Of Mice and Men, Curley s wife presents herself in a seductiveRead MoreOf Mice and Men1035 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship of George and Lenny The book Of Mice and Men focuses on the friendship of two migrant workers in California at a time when most of the work was done by people and not by machines.  Ã‚  George was a small man who acted worldly and wise.  Ã‚  Lennie was a huge man that had the mind of a child.  Ã‚  Together George and Lennie would bounce from job to job with no money in their pockets and only the dream of someday owning a place of their own to keep them going.  Ã‚  The two men were not able to stay in one placeRead MoreOf Mice and Men547 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s landmark novel Of Mice and Men is perhaps best known for its revolutionary telling of two characters that are very different, but have come to rely on each other to survive during the Great Depression. The two characters are men named George and Lenny. George is somewhat of an average fellow who has no real special skills or attributes. Lenny is large and abnormally strong, but unfortunately has the mind of a child. Le nnie looks up to George as if he were a role model. This statementRead MoreMice and Men822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† The Great Depression took place in the United States in the 1930s. Northern California, Salinas Valley was affected by the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their properties and were forced to find other work. Banks were forced to foreclose on mortgages’ and had to collect debts. Hundreds of thousands of farmers packed up their families and few belongings, and headed for California. The Great Depression left many people in poverty and caused them to face unpleasant eventsRead MoreOf Mice and Men1171 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Q- â€Å"I never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her† what is the reader supposed to think about Curley’s wife? * How is she described by the other characters? * How the author describes her * How she speaks/behaves * Her dreams * Is she the cause of all the trouble Written By Ruqayyah Draey Curley’s wife is not well described and respected by the other characters. She is often looked down upon and discriminated

Antigone A Complex, Yet Debatable Play - 1343 Words

Antigone is a complex, yet debatable play, written by Sophocles somewhere around 442 BC (Johnston). Chronologically, it is the third of the three Theban plays, but was the first and also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written (Sophocles). The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece, though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays are hardly ever set there. (Sophocles). It begins with the death of two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, each on opposing sides in Thebes ’civil war. They are both killed in battle fighting for the ruling throne. Creon, the king of Thebes, decides it should be Eteocles the one to be honored and Polyneices disgraced by improper burial. The punishment†¦show more content†¦Although there are multiple interpretations as to what drove the play to a tragic end, one that can be viewed as a central conflict in Antigone, is arguably the struggle between the will of her self-reassurance and actions of morality. The play opens with Antigone trying to convince her sister Ismene, during a secret meeting, to help her bury Polyneices body, abusing the king’s law as an act of morality and respect for her sibling. In other words, the text depicts Antigone as the rebellious sister making Ismene appear to be more in favor with the kings ruling. Therefore, Ismene, fearful of the death penalty by King Creon, refuses to help her sister and fails at convincing Antigone of abandoning her rebellious plan as well. As Ismene refuses to carryout out the crime, Antigone replies with â€Å"Let that be your excuse. I’m going now to make a burial mound for my dear brother† (Johnston 99-100). This is where morals are being portrayed as one would want a proper burial for the loss of a loved one. Antigone has that of a men’s physique despising her self-image and is stubborn towards accepting her girlhood. However, it is understood by the reader that Antigone had always been complex, te rrorizing Ismene as a child, always insisting that her sister was beautiful and had a place in acceptance, as for her, she wasn’t destine for such pleasures. By these accusations, the author

Country Analysis †Myanmar Free Essays

Myanmar is a resource-rich country and also known as the Asian rice bowl suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, corruption, and rural poverty. The economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances including unpredictable inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, and unreliable statistics. In trade activity, Myanmar’s main imports are fabric petroleum products and crude oil, fertilizers, plastics, machinery, transport equipment food products and also construction materials. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Analysis – Myanmar or any similar topic only for you Order Now The major exports of Myanmar are natural gas, wood products, pulses and beans, fish, rice, clothing and jade and gems. On July 2012, the population in Myanmar is said to be 54,584650 people. Several considerations were made in counting and estimating the population including the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS. This can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. Most people live in the 40,000-odd villages of the country, while the majority of the urban population resides in the capital city of Rangoon. Among the population engaged in agriculture, 37 percent of the people do not have any land or livestock. Poverty and misery have increased in the past 3 decades. It is estimated in the CIA World Factbook that in1997 23 percent of the Burmese population had incomes that placed them below the poverty line. PRICE STABILITY Inflation is the general increase in the level of price. Each and every country’s government has their own targets for the inflation rate in order to achieve price stability. It is impossible for a certain country to achieve zero level of inflation so an average of 2%-3% inflation is already good enough. The main indicator of price stability is the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures the degree of change in price as a whole. Figure 1. 0 The Percentage of Inflation in Myanmar Figure 1. 0 shows the graph of the inflation rate of Myanmar from 2007 to 2011. The year before 2007 shows a very high level of inflation in Myanmar which is around 35%. During that time, Myanmar’s economy is at the peak level. The export of Myanmar at that time was at the highest. The increase in the exports of rice and agricultural product caused demand pull inflation. This is because export is one of the components of the aggregate demand (AD). The high export rate causes the income of the local citizen becomes higher. A high income results in the increase in consumption. The increase in export and consumption which both are the component of AD causes demand pull inflation. To get a clearer view, refer to the graph below. In the contemporary, both of this component is also injection in the economy and causes the injection to become more than leakage. This creates a multiplier effect thus expands Myanmar’s economy. Figure 1. 1 Demand-pull Inflation In the year 2007, the basic commodity prices rose from 30 to 60 percent. At this particular time, the workers demand for more wages. The cost of production will increase thus shifting the short run aggregate supply (SRAS) to the left. This causes cost push inflation to the economy of Myanmar. But instead showing the increase in inflation level, the graph shows a slight inclination in the inflation rate. This is because the government implemented a contractionary policy to Myanmar’s economy. To the worst, the Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar and this causes a negative growth of inflation to happen at a very high rate. Due to the disaster that happened, the government spending had to be focused on the welfare of the estimated 2. 4 million homeless victims. The money that should be invested on other things had been used for the recovery from the disaster. Meanwhile, Myanmar kept on exporting the rice in order to gain more profit without considering the number of seed that is reduced due to the destruction caused by the cyclone. This causes the production of rice and other agricultural product to be reduced in a great amount due to the disaster that happened. Besides, the length of production factor also will result on a huge shortage of food supply. This unknowingly converts Myanmar from a net rice exporter to importer. The higher amount of import than the export and added with the decrease in investment, also the government spending causes a shift in the AD to the left and results a decrease in the rate of inflation at a dramatic rate. Figure 1. 2 The year 2009-2011shows an increasing trend of inflation in Myanmar. This is when Myanmar enters the recovery phase of its economy. Probably during this phase Myanmar had already recovered from the cyclone and starts to increase their economic activity. More people will get employed and the consumption will increase. At the same time the government also spends a lot to bring back the economy of their country. This will shift the AD to the right thus increasing back the inflation rate. Figure 1. 3 FULL EMPLOYMENT Full employment means that every person in the labor force gets employed. It has become a significant objective for a country because it is closely related to the efficiency in resource allocation and also in achieving non-accelerating inflationary rate of unemployment (NAIRU). Both efficiency in resource allocation and the NAIRU are important to achieve a stable economy. Figure 2. 0 The Unemployment Rate in Myanmar The unemployment rate of Myanmar peaked at the year 2008. This is probably because the Nargis cyclone that hit Myanmar during that year causes death and destruction. The destruction also includes the farms and fields where most of Myanmar citizen works. This is called seasonal unemployment. Furthermore, during the financial crisis, the lack of import demand from other country causes many shutting down of shops and factories such as clothing factories, gemstone polishing and carving workshops, rubber factories and also the magazine and the publishing house. As a result, during that period of time, crimes such as theft and prostitution rate were seemed starting to rise. From 2008-2011, the rate of unemployment shows a decreasing trend. This is probably because of the agricultural sector that already recovered after the disaster that happened had opened a lot of job opportunities. In addition, an economic reform also had been made and training programs also were conducted such as the market opening policy. This increases the availability for the people in the labor force to get employed. The long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve will shift to the right due to the changes in the government policy and also the education and training that have been made. Figure2. 1 Shift of Long-run Aggregate Supply In Myanmar, the participation of woman in the work force is still low and does not show any significant change in the labor participation which is majority participated by males. This is due to the trend in Myanmar where only male works while the female stays at home. ECONOMIC GROWTH Reviewing back to the economic problem, wants are unlimited but resources are scares. The objective of the economy is to solve this problem. So, economic growth is very important in order to satisfy more wants. Of course, there are several special consideration placed on the economic growth. One of them is the limitation of usage of resources for the future generation to use. Figure 3. 0 Myanmar GDP by-year Chart Overall, the economic growth of Myanmar on 2007-2011 shows an increasing trend. The year 2007-2008 shows the drop in economic growth and afterwards, the years after that show recovery. The world economy crisis that happened in the year 2008 really gave a huge impact on Myanmar economy because Myanmar is highly dependent on trading activities. The GDP of Myanmar that decreases to 1. 2% was not only caused by the economic crisis but also because of the Nargis cyclone that hit Myanmar in middle 2008. The â€Å"Lehman shock† that happened which causes a huge bankruptcy at Japan which is one of the main importer from Myanmar in the same year really affected the GDP of Myanmar. This results a decrease in economic growth of Myanmar due to the decreased size of natural resources caused by the Nargis cyclone, the uncontrolled inflation rate which is also relatively high in 2008 and also the political condition that was not so stable at that particular time. However, Myanmar shows an increased economic growth trend the year afterwards which is from 1. 2% to 5. 6%. This is because the export in Myanmar increases during these years. Due to some political tension, Korea increased their import share towards Myanmar and it became the third largest importer after Japan and Germany. As a result the combined export share for Korea and Japan reached 51. 5% and this trend seems to have become stronger in 2010. For the next year, it kept on growing on a steady rate due to no serious problem occurred. EXTERNAL BALANCE An economy that practices import and export is known as the open economic system. This means there are money going out and also coming in into a certain country. External balance means a balance between money inflow and outflow resulting from a country’s transactions with the rest of the world. It is a record of a country’s transaction in goods, services and assets with the rest of the world. There are three components of external balance which are the current account deficit as a percentage of GDP, net foreign debt as a percentage of GDP and the exchange rate. It is one of the macroeconomic objectives and its target is to achieve enough inflow from foreign country to buy imports and also being able to meet its financial obligation to other country. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP. The current account measures the inflows and outflows of a country. It is divided to two categories which are the current flows and also the capital flows. The current flow consist of the export and the receipts of income payment as the inflow and the import and the income paid to overseas as the outflow. For the capital flows, the inflow is the foreign investment and the borrowing. The outflows are loan repayment and investment made overseas. Figure 4. 0 Current Account Balance in Myanmar The figure above shows the current account balance of Myanmar as a percentage of GDP. Over the years, it shows a decreasing trend from 2007-2011. However in 2009, it shows a sharp increase until 2010 and it falls back. It is certainly not highly affected by the export and import because referring to the graph below (graph 4. 1 and 4. 2) there is not much difference in the export and imports around these five years. The low value of the current account balance is due to Myanmar’s spending to meet its debt from other country. Graph 4. 3 shows the amount of Myanmar’s debt with other foreign country. Figure 4. 1 Exports of Myanmar Figure 4. 2 Imports of Myanmar Figure 4. 3 External Debt of Myanmar Exchange rate The value of a certain currency indicates how well a certain country is able to manage the financial inflow and outflow. A stable exchange rate indicates that the economy of a country is healthy and promotes investor to see that the country’s production is a worthwhile investment. The factors affecting the currency are highly related to the supply and demand for the currency. Figure 4. 4 The Graph of Supply and Demand for Currency In Myanmar, of course fluctuations of the Burmese Kyat (BK) happen from time to time. The exchange rate for BK is the price or value of one BK expressed in terms of foreign currency. The figure below shows the fluctuating BK throughout the five years period. Figure 4. 5 Myanmar Official Exchange Rate per US($) Over the five years the exchange rate of Myanmar shows a decreasing trend. A great depreciate if BK in the year 2007-2008 is due to the high inflation rate. The increase of the commodity prices decreases Myanmar’s export. Being a country that is very dependent on trading business, the decrease in the demand for Myanmar’s currency causes the AD shifts at a great amount to the left thus depreciating the currency. The depreciating of the currency will probably cause the current account deficit (CAD) of Myanmar to worsen. On the contemporary, the unemployment gap will also become bigger indicating the increasing in the unemployment rate. Figure 4. 5 In the year 2008-2009, Myanmar’s currency shows appreciation. This is due to the rate of inflation in Myanmar that is relatively low at the particular time. The low inflation means the price of local product is cheaper. The cheaper local product will make the local product price to be internationally competitive thus increases the export. The increase in demand for Myanmar’s currency will shift the AD to the right thus appreciate Myanmar’s exchange rate. People will also starting to get employed as the unemployment gap has become smaller. The CAD will expected to improve. Prospect Based on all analysis done, I estimated that Myanmar economic growth would continue growing if the government is very aware and carefully observing the fluctuating rate of inflation. The government must know the right time to implement whether a cotractionary or expansionary policy at the right time. For the full employment, it is the responsibility of the government to distribute and if necessary provide training for the population in order to achieve the full employment target. New rules and regulation and also policy must be implemented so that hard core unemployment, frictional unemployment, hidden unemployment and all other types of unemployment could be reduced. The economic growth of Myanmar is now in quite good position. However, it is unpredictable for something unwanted to happen such as global recession, increase in commodity price and natural disaster. So, economist and the government must take a serious consideration on planning a preparation for the economy to face unwanted situations to happen. For the exchange rate, it is better for Myanmar to maintain the value of Burmese kyat than trying to appreciate or depreciate it due to certain circumstances such as a cold diplomatic relationship with other countries and the unstable political condition inside the country itself. If any action is taken it is worried that a riot or the hampering of foreign investment from other country would happen. However, Myanmar should broaden their vision and observing how other country’s economy works. This is in order for Myanmar to improve its economy and foster a harmonious relationship with other countries abroad. If this could be achieved and be done, it is not impossible for Myanmar to leap up to the first rank in the world for the most high income country but with a low rate of inflation. Conclusion To wrap up, it is quite hard to say whether Myanmar have achieved or not achieved even any of the macroeconomics objectives. Although the economic growth and price stability keeps on fluctuating due to unwanted and also uncontrollable events, Myanmar still manage to overcome the problem or crisis even though still consumes a huge amount of time. How to cite Country Analysis – Myanmar, Papers

Marketing Management Coffee Publicises in Australia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Explain The Importance Of Marketing In A Sustainable Environment andBusiness And Consumer Marketing Identify The Differences Between Service And Product Marketing ? Answer: Introduction The coffee publicises in Australia has been getting to be a direct result of the enthusiasm for arranged to drink coffee and has transformed into a bit of a man's step by step usage wicker holder. Given developing social orders, clients are getting the chance to be clearly aware of a family unit and remote products, which are increasing the usage heights. The toll progression positions and characteristic assignments through GOI, and spreading example of consumption out combined with the increasing offer of fresh people has determined the marketplace. Established in Barista chains, for example, Barista, improved their container Australia closeness in the previous some minute of the appraisal time distance (Joshi, Bansal, 2011). In 2010, Barista had 981 and 211 rations, self-reliantly, and they mean to last emerging in a supplementary pair of ages. In the interim, a couple reputable new performers, for example, Coffee Bean, Costa Coffee, Gloria Jean's and Java Coffee, are endeavouring to customary up an regulate in Australian coffee transaction. Both these issues drove on-trade usage of new coffee beans in 2011, with capacities making by 13%. On-trade snips have shaped as the rudimentary preparations channel for fresh coffee beans, with not at all strong off-trade usage. Storyboard New Order for is the essential segment of the customer side application that will be used to make orders. There are two ways to deal with make solicitations, the first is using Make another demand highlight to make a demand by picking restaurant and menus gave uninhibitedly, and the second one is using My Top decisions highlight to make a demand by picking one of the principles three top decisions restaurant. Mastermind History is the component that will be used to show customer's demand history (Ricky, 2014). This part is detached to three parts, which are Last order for, last three demands, and last seven orders that have been made by a customer. Restaurant profile is the components that will be used to show dinner profile. The customer can make a call, particularly to the diner through this segment. Orchestrate status is the part that will use to demonstrate mastermind status include order forgot infers that demand has been gotten by restaurant, mastermind certified suggests that demand has been attested by restaurant, cooking suggests that demand has been prepare by restaurant, passing on demand suggests that demand has to be transport, likewise, done suggests that demand has been made. The customer can in like manner exhibit the transport depict the status is on passing on demand. Profile Setting is the segment that will be used to show up beside, to change customer profile, and include name, address, email, and phone number ("BUILDING INNOVATIVE BRANDS", 2016). Principle issue The Barista application empowers customers to pre-demand and pays for drinks on their phones so that when they get in contact at the store, they do not have to hold up in line. Besides, the application underpins the personalization of appreciating solicitations a way that is far speedier and more correct than unveiling your toast a barista. In the wake of putting in a demand, customers get a normal time of completing in light of a figuring made by the coffee chain. Exactly when customer lines ended up being too long and hold up times extended, Barista benefits started falling. Likewise, like such an assortment of business issues today, the course of action came as a convenient application. In December 2014 the Fortune 500 association moved Flexible Order for and Pay in Portland, Oregon (Gajos, 2015). Taking after three months of testing, it reached out to 650 coffee shops in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and The Solidified North. By then 3,400 more stores over the late spring. A month pr ior, it finally took off comprehensively to 7,400 coffee shops. Also, it's changing the way Barista cooperates. According to the metal at Barista, the eventual outcome of the application has been extended drink precision and shopper unwavering ness. Barista data reveals the convenient application is more correct and also makes more pay per trade. Also, that is the master by astute arrangement. Customers are given a screen of all possible drink blends that there are 80,000 possible blends. It's far less requesting to examine and orchestrate from the application than a tremendous board behind a Starbucks (Rahel, 2016). Final Storyboard There's a ton agitating at your region Barista. Additionally, it's adequate to grow you in tall feelings. You may rapidly have the volume to assemble your greatest loved coffee, assorted with, clasp your whisky, breath, vodka and also Bailey's Irish cream. Barista Lavazza consumes as of now obtainable alcohol founded coffees, and uniform wine and lager at one of its openings in Australia. Customers open the Barista mobile apps with a cellular or Wifi environment. Customers order through the application. Customers paid for the order through credit card or store credit. Customers get the notification on the mobile when the food is completely done. Customers purchase the order from the second counter. Insights Barista is the head coffee shop locator application that gives an extraordinary arrangement an option that is other than the address of an adjoining establishment. When you are set up for a remarkable coffee shop understanding, download Barista to get inside information including. Speciality thing highlights and progressions for each territory. Detachment from your zone including development outlines, halting information and anything is possible at that point. Activities at the coffee shop including novel tastings, shows, or giveaways. Measurement data on coffee shop visitors including age go, general range, time of day and that is just the tip of the ice sheet. Web-based systems administration enlistment bits of knowledge showing designs for best conditions to get the best coffee or meet new people (KIMMORLEY, 2016). Pictures were showing the coffee shop and its highlighted things. When you are set up to grab a phenomenal drink, Barista passes on a coffee shop pioneer application th at gives bits of information and decisions you may never have even observed. Discover coffee shops in the NYC area that can be an uncommon find with welcoming organisation and an unbelievable domain to meet new people while tasting a bit of the finest coffees available. Use the Barista application by adequately downloading to your phone and a while later searching for a coffee shop. You will be charmingly stunned at the new places you can find that are for all intents and purposes around the curve or only across over town. Conclusion Australian Union controllers assessing dissents archived by Barista Advancements Inc. against various national laws are getting some data about the association. Is it a web application or a food advantage? Yes, it is true that the apps of barista on the mobile phone has the great advantage because the customer can make orders for the needed food and also take up the application website of food and so the restaurant can receive orders, and for that, any issue can be modified. This show has shown a restaurant pioneer application for PDAs, which makes use of rundown techniques to expect point assessments from review message and select wonderful expressions conveying customers' suppositions about specific restaurant points of view. Customers can clearly contribute with their contribution by tapping on the point of view thumbs gets or by particularly composing comments. References BUILDING INNOVATIVE BRANDS. (2016). Retrieved from https://buildinginnovativebrands.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/day_4_bib_deck_2016_caffeinated.pdf Gajos, P. (2015). Starbucks Mobile App Kills The Killer Coffee Lines. Retrieved from https://sourcebits.com/app-development-design-blog/starbucks-mobile-app-kills-the-killer-coffee-lines/ Joshi, M., Bansal, S. (2011). Caf Coffee Day (CCD): A Case Analysis.SSRN. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1920827 KIMMORLEY, S. (2016). INNOVATION INSIGHTS: Why Hey You went from a coffee app to trying to make wallets a thing of the past.Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/innovation-insights-why-hey-you-went-from-a-coffee-app-to-trying-to-make-wallets-a-thing-of-the-past-2016-3 Rahel, S. (2016). Economics of the Taxi Industry: An Uber Shake-up.Wyoming Scholars Repository. Retrieved from https://repository.uwyo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032context=honors_theses_15-16 Ricky, M. (2014). Mobile Food Ordering Application using Android OS Platform.Computer Science Department. Retrieved from https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2014/05/epjconf_icas2013_00041.pdf

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease free essay sample

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that makes muscles stop working. It is a rare disease found mostly in active people. The most common name for ALS is Lou Gehrigs disease. Lou Gehrig was a hall of fame baseball player who played with Babe Ruth on the Yankees. He became a victim to ALS in the late 1930’s. ALS was discovered in Paris, France in the early 1870s. Jean-Martin Charcot worked with many patients with similar diseases before discovering the disease. People who have ALS first start to notice a weakening in the muscles of the arms and legs, poor balance, speech, and swallowing problems. Many people who have it have a hard time performing simple everyday tasks like tying their shoes or brushing their teeth. Eventually, patients will have to switch to a liquid diet. Overtime they become more fatigued and very weak. Almost all the victims of ALS have to use respiratory machines to breath and have their food inserted directly into the stomach. We will write a custom essay sample on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ALS patients typically sleep a lot because any physical activity can cause fatigue and make breathing really hard. Life expectancy for people with this disease is usually 2-8 years and on rare occasions, 10+ years. There is no cure for ALS and every patient eventually passes away from the disease. There have been a few rare cases where people diagnosed with this disease have lived longer than fifteen years. There are a couple of ways to lessen the effects of ALS like massages, diets, and plenty of rest have been proven to slow down the process of the nerves dying out in some patients. In conclusion, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a deadly and frightening disease. Although there is no cure, medications like siazepam can help control spasms, muscle cramps, and saliva. Siazepam can also help control muscle twitching. Physical therapy is important for patients with ALS to help stay flexible in joints and to prevent contractures, or fixations of muscles. Someday, hopefully, a cure will be developed, and the suffering this disease is causing will be stopped.

The 4 SAT Sections What They Test and How to Do Well

The 4 SAT Sections What They Test and How to Do Well SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whether you're actively preparing for theSAT or simply want tolearn more about the ubiquitous college entrance exam, it’s important youstart with the basics: how many sections are on the SAT? What are the names of the SAT sections? And what kinds of skills does each section measure? In this article, we answer all of your burning questions about theSAT sections. We'll begin bydiscussing how many sections are on the SAT as well ashow these sections differ from one another. Then, we’ll go over the different skills on which you'll be tested, giving youour experttips for combating each of the SAT test sections with confidence. Finally,we'll take a look at whether certain sections of the SAT are more important than others and what this meansfor you and your college applications. What Are the SAT Sections? The SAT (which was redesigned in 2016) consists offour sections: Reading Writing and Language Math (which consists oftwo subsections, No Calculator and Calculator) Essay (optional) Asthe College Board(the creator of the SAT) puts it, all sections of the SATwork together totest â€Å"what you learn in high school† and â€Å"what you need to succeed in college.† In other words, the goal of the SAT is to ensureyou possess the appropriate reading, writing, and math skills deemed necessary for success as a college student. Eachof theSAT test sectionsappearsonly once on the exam and varies in the number of questions it contains as well as inhow much time it allocates. The following table showcases some of the major features ofthe SAT test sections: Reading Writing and Language Math Essay (Optional) Order on Test 1st 2nd 3rd 4th # of Questions 52 44 58 (20 No Calculator, 38 Calculator) 1 Question Format Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice, grid-ins Essay Time 65 mins 35 mins 80 mins (25 mins No Calculator, 55 mins Calculator) 50 mins Skills Tested Command of Evidence Words in Context Command of Evidence Words in Context Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Additional Topics in Math Reading Analysis Writing Scoring Combined with Writing and Language for a total Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 Combined with Reading for a total Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 No Calculator and Calculator subsections are combined for a total Math score on a scale of 200-800 Three separate scores (Reading, Analysis, Writing), each on a scale of 2-8 According to this table, the longest section (in terms of both time and number of questions) is the Math section. This is because the Math section is composed oftwo subsections: a No Calculator section (which always comes first) and a Calculator section. While theNo Calculator section is fairly brief at only 25 minutes and 20 questions long, theCalculator section lasts for 55 minutes and contains a total of 38 questions. You may also notice a few keysimilarities between the Reading and Writing and Language sections. These two sections were specifically designed to test a couple of the same skills - namely Command of Evidence and Words in Context - in different ways. Thetwo sections also combine for an overall Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score out of 800 points, so they clearly have a lot in common with each other! Lastly,the above table highlights how all sections of the SAT (excluding the Essay) are predominantly multiple choice. Mostquestions on the SAT contain four answer choices from which you mustselect one answer. On the Math section, however, you will also face a handful ofgrid-in questionsfor which you must come up with your own answers and bubble them in using the numbers provided. Now that we've covered all of the fundamentals, let’s take a closer look at each of the four sections of the SAT. The SAT Reading Section The Reading section focuses onreading comprehension and understanding vocabulary in context. Each of the 52 questions in this section will bebased on a passage. You'll be given five passages in total: 1 passage on U.S. or world literature 2 passages on history/social studies 2 passages on science (which may include graphs and/or charts) On some areas of theReading section, you may be givena pair of related passages instead of a single passage. You may also encounter graphs, charts, orother forms of data representation. (Note that you will not have to use any math for these questions, though you willbe expected to know how to interpret the data provided.) As illuminated in the table above, the Reading section test two primary skills: Command of Evidence:your ability to find concrete evidence within the passage tosupport the author’s claims or answers to specific questions Words in Context: yourability to decipher the meanings of vocabulary words within the context of the passage, and yourability to understand how word choice influences the style and tone of atext As you take the Reading section of the SAT, you'll answer the following types of Reading questions: Big Picture Little Picture/Function Inference Vocabulary in Context Author Technique Evidence Support Data Interpretation Below, I describe each of these question types and then provide you withour besttips fordoing well on the SAT Reading section. SAT Reading Question Types Here are the different types of questions you'll encounter on the SAT Reading section. #1: Big Picture and Little Picture/Function These two Reading question typesare opposites: Big Picture questions focusonthe main point of a passage, whereas Little Picture (or Function)questions focus on the function ofspecific lines or sentences within a passage. Your job, then, is to use contextual evidenceto decipher either the author’s overall message or the function of a selected area of the text. Big Picture Little Picture/Function #2: Inference For this Reading question type, you must correctlyinterpret the meaning of a sentence, a group of sentences, or the entire passage. #3: Vocabulary in Context These Reading questions ask you about the meaning of a specific word or phrase within the passage. Thesewords and phrases may not alwaysappearto be difficult but will usually take on lesser-known alternative meanings. #4: Author Technique This type of Reading question requires you toanalyze the author’s stylistic choices in regards to tone, voice, perspective, etc. #5: Evidence Support For Evidence Support questions, you mustlocate contextualevidence for an answer to a previous question. (In other words, these questions are directly related to the questions that precede them.) To answer these questions, you mustidentify a particular line or group of lines from which you found theanswer to a question. #6: Data Interpretation A Data Interpretation questionrequires you to interpret data (usually in the form of a table, chart, or graph) and understand how it relates to the passage. Top 3 SAT Reading Tips Once you've familiarized yourself with all of theReading question types, it's time for you to employour top three tips for the SAT Reading section! #1: Practice Reading Passages Because the Reading section revolves solely around passages, it's critical you dedicate the bulk of your SAT Reading prep to working with SAT-esque passages. The best resources for passages similar to those you’ll encounter on the SAT areofficial SAT practice tests. These mock SAT tests created by the College Board offer a plethora ofrealistic Reading passages thatclosely mimic thestyle and form of the passages you'll be given on test day. In addition to official practice tests, you canalso use unofficial SAT Reading materials - as long as they containhigh-quality Reading passagessimilar to those on the SAT. Finally, it's a smart idea toread real-life texts, such as The New York Times, The Atlantic, and Psychology Today,from which SAT passages are often borrowed. This way you can familiarize yourself with the type of materials you'll see on test day. #2: Use Process of Elimination Process of elimination is an excellent strategy (and even one recommended by a perfect scorer!) that will aid you significantly on the Reading section. As we already know, each Reading question offersfour possible answer choices of which just one iscorrect. This means thatthe other three choices must contain clear signs indicating they’re incorrect.Some of the most commonreasons answer choices are eliminated are that they're: Too specific Too broad Too loosely connected to the overall purpose or message of the passage Remember, even a single word in an answer choice can make it incorrect,so look closely for any reason to eliminate a choice before deciding on the correct one. Be sure youavoid gettingcaught up in answer choices that sort of sound correct - if a choice doesn’t 100-percent answer the question or is ambiguous in any way, chances are it's wrong! #3: Study Vocabulary Sparingly Unlike the old (pre-2016) SAT, which often tested obscure vocabulary words in complete isolation, the new SAT only tests vocabulary knowledge within the context of passages. Additionally,current SAT vocabulary is only about medium difficulty, meaning many of the words testedare ones you've likely seen and may have even used before. (Woo hoo!) The challenging part of SAT vocabulary, however, isbeing able to identifylesser-known tertiary meanings of common words.What this means is, whileyou no longer need to dedicate hours upon hours tomemorizing thousands of vocabulary words,you do need to familiarize yourself with some of the rarermeanings of common words. Likewise, you should also know how to decipher a vocabulary word'smeaning based on how it's being used in apassage. These days, many SAT vocabulary words are similar to those on the ACT; thus, we recommend studying vocabulary with either our ACT list of 150 medium-level vocabulary words or Scholastic’s 100-word listfor the SAT/ACT. The SAT Writing and Language Section The Writing and Language section (often referred to as simply the â€Å"Writing section†) may looksimilar to the Reading section, but instead of measuring yourreading comprehension skills, this section measuresyour ability to identify and correct grammatical errors and stylistic weaknesses within passages. In other words, theWriting section is all about your proofreading and editing skills! Like the Reading section, the Writing section revolves entirely around passages. These passages cover a widearray of topics, including careers, history/social studies, science, and the humanities. Unlike Reading passages, however, all Writing passages are nonfiction, taking theform of narratives, arguments, and explanatory texts. Your primary mission on the Writing section is tocorrect (or leave as is, if no errors are present) words and sentences within these passages. For science-based passages containing charts or graphs, you may beasked to replace an incorrect sentence with a new sentence that more accurately reflects the data provided. The Writing and Language section measures the following skills: Command of Evidence Words in Context Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Below, I discuss each of these four question types and what they measure on the SAT Writing section. I then provide you with our top three tips for getting a great score on SAT Writing. SAT Writing and LanguageQuestion Types In this section, we examine the SAT Writing question types and look atexamples of how they'll appearon the SAT. #1: Command of Evidence These types of Writing questions focus primarily onthe big picture of a passage and usually ask you to provide evidence for why you are making a particular change. #2: Words in Context For these questions, you mustreplace a word or phrase with a more logical choice, or select â€Å"NO CHANGE† if the highlighted areais appropriate as is. #3: Expression of Ideas These questions require you to think about the various waysideas canbe expressed in words. More specifically, you mustrearrange, add, combine, or delete sentences to improve the overall flow of a passage. #4: Standard English Conventions For Standard English Conventions questions, you must correct incorrect words or phrases, so that they adhere to the basicrules of English grammar, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization. If the highlighted word or phrase is grammatically sound, selectâ€Å"NO CHANGE.† Top 3 SAT Writing and Language Tips Here areour toptips for getting the score you want on the SAT Writing section! #1: Master Common SAT Grammar and Punctuation Rules Nearly half of all SAT Writing questions focus on standard English conventions, so naturally you can’t expect to do well on SAT Writing if you haven’t mastered the basic rules of English grammar and usage! This doesn't mean you mustreview every single grammar rule in existence - just the ones most commonly tested on the SAT. For more details on what these rules are and how you can master them, check out our in-depth guides toSAT grammar and SAT punctuation. #2: Read Articles and Essays Because none of the Writing section's passages areworks offiction, your best bet is to readreal-life newspaper and magazine articles, persuasive texts, and essays. As you study, you'll use these texts to hone your editorial eye, identifyingtransitional words and connections in thought. You'll also want to examine how the author builds his or her argument or main point throughout the text. What evidence does he or she provide? Is it ultimately effective? Why or why not? There will be awide array of topics for Writing passages, so feel free to dig into a variety of texts. I recommend starting with major publications such as The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Atlantic, Wired, and Pyschology Today. #3: Hone Your Writing Skills To be a sharp editor, you must understand how to write well. And to write well, you mustlearn from the feedback on your own writing. Begin by noting any red marks on essays you turn in at school, making yourself aware of any errors you continuously make on your writing. If you’re confused about a mistake you've made, ask yourteacher to explain the mistakeand give youtips on how you can avoid making it again. As you write essays for school, make sure you're alsopaying attention to the structure of your arguments. Consider thesimple "hamburger" structure of essays: you've got yourintroduction (top bun), your evidence and supporting details (lettuce, tomato, and meat), and your conclusion (bottom bun). Knowing how to effectively structure your own essays should over time allow you to develop a keener understanding of how SAT passages are organized. The SAT Math Section Ontothe world of numbers! Unlike the English-centered Reading and Writing sections, the SAT Math section consists ofpractical, real-world math and measures the problem-solving abilities most usefulfor college-level coursework andfuture employment. The Math section comprises two subsections: Math No Calculator, for which you are not permitted to use a calculator Math Calculator, for which you may (but aren't required to) use a calculator The Math section is the only section on the SAT (excluding the Essay) to contain a non-multiple-choice question format called the grid-in. 22 percent of Math questions are grid-ins, so although it’s not the main question format on SAT Math, it’s crucial you understand how it works. The Math section tests you on the following concepts: Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Additional Topics in Math Below, I describe each of these Math question types and give you expert tips for securing an excellent SAT Math score. SAT Math Question Types Here are the four types of Math questions you'll see on the SAT. #1:Heart of Algebra This content area constitutes thelargest focus of the SAT Math section, accounting for approximately one-third of all Math questions. Heart of Algebraquestions focus on (you guessed it!) algebra - primarily linear equations, systems of equations, inequalities, and absolute values. #2:Problem Solving and Data Analysis There are 17 Problem Solving and Data Analysis questions on the SAT. All of these questions are on the Math Calculator subsection (meaning you'll see none of these onthe No Calculator subsection). These questions focus on data interpretation (i.e., how to read charts, graphs, tables, etc.) as well as rates, ratios, percentages, linear and exponential relationships, and probability. #3:Passport to Advanced Math There are 16 Passport to Advanced Math questions on the SAT. These advanced questionstest your understanding of the structure of equations and expressions, including your ability torearrange and rewrite them. For these questions, you may be asked to solve a quadratic equation, create an exponential function,or manipulate polynomials. #4: Additional Topics in Math While 90 percent of the Math section deals with the three topics listed above, the last 10 percent targets what the College Board calls "Additional Topics in Math." This question type is basically a catch-all for any math concept that doesn’t fit neatly into the other three categories. Suchtopics predominantly deal withgeometry, trigonometry, and complex numbers. Top 3 SAT Math Tips Use our top tips below to get your best score ever on SAT Math! #1: Review Basic Math Concepts You can’t expect to score highly on the Math section if you’re not familiar with most or all of the basic math concepts being tested on the SAT. To get started, take a look at ourgiant stockpile of SAT Math resources you can use (for free!). This guidecontains links to several Math guides offering a solid overview of critical math concepts you should know for the SAT, including algebra, numbers, coordinate geometry, and plane and solid geometry. You can also check out our guide to the best SAT Math prep booksand browse your options for high-quality Math content review and practice. #2: Memorize Common Formulas Another tip is to memorize allcriticalSAT Math formulas you’ll need for test day. Doing this will allow you to solve many math problems that you can't solve without knowledge of a particular formula. But what about the reference diagram on the test? Do you really need to memorize formulas if you'll be given a list of them on the SAT? Although you may think memorizing these formulas is a waste of time, in realitymemorizing them willactuallysave you time on test day. Here are the formulas exactly as you'll see them on the SAT: By memorizing the formulas above, you won't need to constantly flipback to the diagram and will therefore be able to solve math problems more quickly. This will effectively give youmore time to put towardother math problems that are more challenging. However, there is one caveat:the 12 formulas on this reference diagram deal specifically with geometry, a topic whichmakes up a significantly small portion of the new SAT. So while it’s crucial you memorize these formulas, it’ll be far more advantageous for you to prioritize other major laws and formulas that will not be given to you on test day and are more likely to come up on the SAT. #3: Plug In Answers and Numbers Our final tip for SAT Math is a popular test-taking strategy: plugging in answers and numbers. In this strategy, if you’re faced with a math problem you’re unsure how to solve, you can attempt to solve it by either plugging in random numbers or plugging in answer choices one by one. Doing thiswill reveal which answer choice yields the correct result. Use the plug-in answer strategy for multiple-choice math questions that ask you to solve for a specific value. Always start with answer choice B or C,so you can determine whether to work your way up or down to get a higher or lower answer. For multiple-choice and grid-in questions you don’t understand, try plugging inyour own numbers (or sets of numbers) to see whether equations and inequalities hold truefor various values. Note that these strategies, though helpful, should generally only be used if you’re unsure how to solve a mathproblem using other methods, such assimplification and algebra. Ultimately, though,the SAT doesn’t care how you get an answer - just that it’s the correct one! So if you don't know what to do, get in there and plug away. The SAT Essay (Optional) The SAT Essay is an entirely writing-based section for which you must read a 650-750-word passage and thenwrite an essay analyzing how the author constructs his or her argument as well as how persuasive the argument is. Note that you are not being asked whether you agree or disagree with the argument. You are also not expected to write about your personal experiences (like how test takers were prompted todo on the old SAT). Unlike the other three SAT sections, the Essay is entirely optional. Whether you should take it depends on where you apply, as some colleges may require the Essay for admission. The Essay also uses a unique scoring system compared to those of the other SAT test sections. There are three components to the SAT Essay grade: Reading Analysis Writing For each of these components, two graders will assign you a score on a scale of 1-4. These two scores are then added together to give you total scores for each component(on a scale of 2-8). Thus, a perfect SAT Essay grade would be 8|8|8 (4s from both graders for each of the three rubrics). But what exactly do these three components measure? Below, I describe each of the SAT Essay gradesand introduce to you our top three tips for ensuring a high Essay score on test day. Skills Tested on the SAT Essay The three components of the SAT Essay grading rubric each measure a different skill in regards to your writing ability. Reading The Reading score highlights your overallunderstanding of the passage and how well you use appropriate textual evidence from the passage to construct your essay. Analysis The Analysis score shows how well you understand the construction of the author's argumentin terms of reasoning, style, and evidence. It also measuresyour ability to choose the most effective evidence from the passage to support your evaluation. Writing The Writing score revolves entirely around your ability to write. You will begiven a grade based on the strength of your thesis and on your essay's organization, focus, tone, style, and adherence to standard written English conventions. Top 3 SAT Essay Tips And now here are our expert SAT Essay tips to help you get the high score you deserve! #1: Learn the Types of Examples to Look for in Passages Before you take the exam, make sure you know all of the major types of examples you can look for in passages to use as support in your essay. The six types of evidence to be aware of are: Facts and statistics Anecdotes Counterarguments and counterclaims Explanation of evidence Vivid language Direct appeals to the reader For more information, check out our detailed guide on how to look for and use these pieces of evidence. As you write, besure you’re using the most relevant and effective support; you don’t need to use every example you find! #2: Read the Prompt First Although you'll likelybe tempted to get through the passage before attacking the prompt, reading the prompt first can lend you a big hand as it directly states what the author’s central claim is. Once you know what kind of argument you'll be dealing with, you can then read the entire passage, keeping an eye out for any evidence that supportsthis central claim and thinking of ways you caneffectively incorporate these pieces of evidence into your essay. As a reminder, your essay should focus on what techniques and evidence the authors uses to set up his or her argumentas well as how effective these techniquesare. #3: Write More Than 1 Page Though not explicitly stated on the SAT Essay rubric, your essay must be of a reasonable length (1+ pages) in order to merit a high score. This means anything less than a page is bound toguarantee youa low essay score, as the essay will very likely lack sufficient detail, evidence, and analysis. On test day, you’ll get four pages for writing (and one additional piece of scratch paper for planning and outlining your essay). Aim to use at least two pages for your essay.Anything longer is perfectly fine; however, just rememberit's ultimately better to produce asuccinct and focused essay instead of averbose or tangential one. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Are Certain SAT Sections More Important Than Others? Because the SAT has several sections, you may be wondering which (if any) are the most important in regards to scores. To start, the Essay is the least important of all SAT sections.This is because the essay is often optional for many colleges. Schools that don’t require the essay usually choose to do so because they feel other application factors, such as the personal statement, are better indicators of students’ writing abilities. But what about the SAT Reading, Writing, and Math sections? Which of these is the most important? Or are they allequally important? Generally speaking, the SAT Reading, Writing, and Math sections are all offairly equal importance. Most schools report SAT scores using the total score (a combination of the EBRW and Math scores), implying there isequal consideration of theReading, Writing, and Math sections. Furthermore, any school requiring the SAT will always require scores from the Reading, Writing, and Math sections, soall three of these sections are evidently essential for college admission (unlike the optional Essay). In spite of these trends,there may be cases in which one of the two scores (EBRW or Math)will hold slightly more weight than the other. For example, if you are applying to an engineering school like MIT, admissions committees maypay a little extra attention to your SAT Math score - the more relevant score to your program - and less to your EBRW score. In the end, it's best to think of both your EBRW and Math scores as being equally important, and your Essay score (if you took the essay) as being the least important. Key Takeaways for the SAT Sections The SAT is composed of four sections: Reading, Writing and Language, Math, and Essay (optional). These sections target an array of academic skills deemed necessary for college, from reading comprehension toproofreading to problem solving. To ultimately do well on the SAT, you must understand what each of the SAT sections measures, what each sections tests you on, and what approaches you can use to get the scores youwant. Althoughthe Essay isn’t a requirement for all colleges, thoserequiring SAT scores will often prefer applicants who have astrong set of EBRW (Reading and Writing) and Math scores, so always try to aim for a high total score! What’s Next? Want to learn more about the SAT? Take a look at our complete guide to what the SAT is and get tips on when to start studying and what resources you can use to get the scores you need for college! Thinking of taking the ACT, too? Start with our introduction to the ACT sections (coming soon) and then check outour guide to what a good ACT score isto learn how you can get a great ACT score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

PR Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PR Functions - Case Study Example PR performs both organizational and societal functions influencing internal workers and wife target audience. Organizational detention involves workers and investors, management policies and the Board of Directors, etc. At this level, PR bridges information gaps in distribution channels, help coordinate the total marketing system, and adjust products and services to customer needs. Press releases and investors information are integral components of the communications mix (Apple Home Page 2008). Self-image is a function of societal norms. Group membership and group belonging relate directly to self-esteem and favorable self-image; acceptance and the grant of status by various organizations embellish the phenomenal self. The ability of groups to foster the development of more favorable self-images encourages belonging; the ability of products, symbols, services, communications, and other aspects of the marketing program to enhance the self-image encourages consumption behavior. One of the bases for understanding consumer behavior in its psychological and sociological dimensions, the self-image concept adds an important perspective to economic theories of consumption and is directly related to motivation (Gillin, 2007). At the societal level, Apple addresses all stakeholders including society and potential customers, IT professionals and economists, etc. At this level, the value of information about product characteristics varies directly with buyers' costs of search. When transactions and search costs are sufficiently small, buyers search more intensively and the additional advantage of intensive specialized search diminishes. The opposite is true for those with high search costs. Indeed, if search costs are sufficiently high it may not even pay to enter the differentiated products market at all (Gillin, 2007). The value of attribute information also depends on the difference between each consumer's preferences and market availabilities. If individual consumers exhibit little dispersion in their preferences and search costs, the gross value of advertising product characteristics is small and its net social value may be even negative, for the same reason it was in some of the examples in the sectio n above on advertising and perceptions. Since advance knowledge of attributes allows customers to specialize search activities in the most preferred varieties, the value of catering to particular groups is correspondingly greater when there is greater dispersion in tastes among buyers (Apple Home Page 2008). The aim of PR is to maintain relations with stakeholders and create a unique image of the company. The value and importance of PR is that a buyer cannot afford to investigate all of the alternative qualities of the products in the market. If Apple can increase profit and sales by offering a genuinely superior design and price in comparison with the existing configuration, there remains a possibility of accomplishing a similar result by changing buyers' perceptions of an existing good. So far as individual firms are concerned, these activities have the same initial effects on sales and profit as were examined in the preceding section. But the nature of market equilibrium and the social consequences of such actions are markedly different (Apple Home Page

Mexico4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mexico4 - Assignment Example The target groups of rape cases are mainly young women and girls who form the economic underclass of society and work in factories that pay low wages. Sexual murders and unexplained disappearance of women and young girls rank highest in Mexico vis a vis other North American countries according to Statistics by Human Rights Organizations and lobby groups. Chihuahua, Chiapas and San Salvador are places most affected by these cases. Efforts to salvage the rights of women in Mexico have had a plunge occasioned by repugnant tendencies of authorities and employers who actively and openly discriminate against women. They have adversely been mistreated as menial job workers at the Maquiladora Industrial plants; where jobs are terminated in case of pregnancy. Mexicans are considered to be reasonably religious, a situation that has contributed to several States pronouncing abortion as illegal (Wickam-Crowly & Eckstein, 2003). To this end, the jury is still out on whether this enacted law is a violation of the rights of women. Public outcries and sustained protests by Women rights activists led the Government to create the National Commission for Equality between Men and Women, CNDH, to look into social, legal and economic issues that were unfair to women. It also has programs that seek to empower women through teaching them their legal rights and training on ways to achieve sustainable livelihoods. Reproductive healthcare remains an issue of debate as most anti-abortionists see it as the platform used to legalize abortion (Wickam-Crowly & Eckstein,

Inter Generational Theory Of Abuse Psychology Essay

Inter Generational Theory Of Abuse Psychology Essay The inter-generational theory of abuse is a widely accepted notion by professionals and lay people alike. This theory suggests that children exposed to physical, emotional or sexual abuse will subject their offspring to a one of these forms of maltreatment. However, the evidence that undermines this theory is too large to ignore. The evidence that supports this hypothesis refers to abused children becoming juvenile delinquents and the identification of the child with the abuser. Methodological problems, generalizability issues and low validity of the experiments conducted undermined the plausibility and truth in the hypothesis. Another strong factor is the protective factors and predisposition of abused children, who break the cycle of abuse which is more common than thought. In this essay I will discuss the evidence both for and against the hypothesis. Kaufman and Zigler (1987) found that the papers written on studies of inter-generational abuse assert validity without proper evidence because their primary sources of information are unreliable. These studies rely largely on case studies, agency records, clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires. An example of case studies was those mostly done with parents whose children were in hospital for non-accidental injuries (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Most of these parents reported histories of abuse, but because there were methodological problems (such as limited control measures) the generalizability of the findings is not possible. Agency records also had many of the same limitations. The representative samples, comparison subjects and formal definitions of abuse differed. The omissions in agency records were rarely recorded. Clinical interviews are valuable for generating hypotheses about inter-generational theory but they lacked comparison groups and definitions were far from legal criteria (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Self-report questionnaires lacked the exploration of the statistical relationships among determinants of abuse (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Egeland Jacobvitzs observed that the history of abuse could not be separated from influence of poverty, stress and social isolation on parenting behavior. They also noted that the broader the definition is, the greater the apparent link becomes in the inter-generational hypothesis thus make the validity of the collected data low (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). According to Langeland and Dijkstra (1995) the variations of definitions of abuse cause considerable variation of the rates of transmission. They concur that due to bad methodologies making generalizations from the information is problematic. They also highlight the need to study both mothers and fathers (because they have clinical and theoretical relevance), which isnt always the case. Langeland and Dijkstra (1995) show how many studies only examine one child (e.g. Goodwin et al., 1981; Main Goldwyn, 1984; Altemeier et al., 1986; Egeland et al., 1988; Pianta et al., 1989; Burkett, 1991; Boyer Fine, 1992; Caliso Milner, 1992; Herzog et al. 1992; as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra; 1995) and suggest researchers need to look at wider family context (that is brothers, father, grandparents, aunts and cousins). Widom (1989) highlights that the methodological problems play a role in the misrepresentation and overestimation of the actual statistics related to the inter-generational theory. In Widoms review of the literature, she also emphasizes the over dependence on self-report, inadequate documenting of childhood abuse, and the infrequent use of control groups. According to Widom researchers should make a clearer distinction between abused and neglected children because the differences in consequences are significant the information collected overlaps and distorts the results. Widom thus suggests the need for better rating scales for studies, and the need for a greater methodological awareness and refinement. Protective Factors and Predispositions Kaufman and Zigler (1987) observed that some parents (with a history of abuse) became abusive parents whereas other did not. Hunter and Kilstrom (as cited in Kaufman Zigler, 1987) attributed this to the individuals having: extensive social support (e.g. therapy); fewer undecided feelings about being pregnant, they were openly angry about the abuse they endured, and their babies were healthier. Another study by Egeland and Jacobvitz (as cited in Kaufman Zigler, 1987) found mediating factors to be that one parent/foster parent was loving and caring towards the abused child, the abused had an emotionally supportive spouse, they also had fewer current stressful life events and they had a greater awareness of history of abuse and had come to terms with it. This study provides information on the interrelationships (etiology of abuse and other influences) of the many determinants of a parents behavior. Langeland and Dijkstra (1995) also found that many abused children manage to break the cycle of inter-generational abuse. They emphasize the factors that protect/buffer the transmission. Belsky (1980, as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra, 1995) says there are multiple factors at work that cause abuse such as: the individual (personality of parents); familial (the home/family environment e.g. marital relationship); community (formal informal social structures e.g. neighborhood and other family); cultural (societal expectations and attitudes). However, Belsky (1980, as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra) says the interaction of risk and protective factors are important because they effect likelihood of transmission of abuse between generations. Garbarino Gilliam (1980, as cited in Widom, 1989) reiterates that other life events or the predisposition of the child (e.g. natural abilities, physiological predispositions, and social supports) will protect them from the effects of abuse. Deliquency and Identification Kaufman and Zigler (1987) commented on the many other factors that contribute to abuse. Children may find themselves in similar social or relationship conditions (or have long lasting effects of child abuse) that led their parents to be abusive to them as children and cope in the same way. Quinton and Rutter (1988) reiterate that abuse occurs for many reasons namely: substantial social and environmental hardships and a constellation of psycho-social difficulties. It is noted that children may have the same or similar situations as their parents and cycle continues because of the same outside influences. They found that abuse can lead to: personality disorders, alcoholism, and criminality all of which are associated with abuse. Sir Keith Joseph (1972, as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988) said poor parenting is a central mechanism for encouraging inter-generational transmission of family problems (that is children learn from their parents). Men that were imprisoned for violence against children were found to have come from large families where abuse was common (Gibbens Walker, 1956; Scott, 1973, as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988) and women accused with child-battering were associated with unhappy, loveless and traumatic childhoods (Lukiarowitz, 1971 as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988). Quinton and Rutter (1988) noted that the vulnerabilities deriving from exposure to poor parenting can lead to them being abusive (e.g. depression is known to be associated with abuse). Widom (1989) emphasized that the immediate consequences of child abuse are physical injuries or emotional trauma but that the emotional and developmental scars may persist thus leading to the likelihood of inter-generational transmission of abuse. McCall Shields (1986, as cited in Widom, 1989) highlighted the context of violence in culture. Accordingly the approval of such behaviors legitimizes and reinforces the use of violence (Gil, 1973; Huggius Straus, 1980; Steinmetz, 1977; as cited in Widom, 1989) which in turn instigates the high degree of acceptance of violence in culture (R.A. Stark McEvoy, 1970 as cited in Widom, 1989). It is therefore not too difficult to deduce that learning to become violent through normal childrearing experiences might be transmitted from generation to generation (Goldstein, 1986; as cited in Widom, 1989). The social learning of a child and the witnessing/victims of physical and emotional aggression become a model for the child that violence is appropriate in the home (Bandua, 1973; Feshbach, 1980; as cited in Widom, 1989). Straus et al. (1980, as cited in Widom, 1989) suggest that each generation of abusive parents learns to be violent by being a participant in a violent home. Other evidence suggests that abuse leads to aggressive behavior, depression, withdrawal and self-punishing behavior all of which lead to abusive behavior which would suggest that the cycle of abuse can be and is transmitted. It is also suggested that abuse may lead to becoming an abusive parent, a delinquent, or a violent criminal (Widom, 1989). McCord (1983) did a study on abused, neglected, rejected, and loved boys. She found that 45% of the abused and neglected boys ended up being convicted for serious crimes, becoming alcoholics, suffering a mental illness, and/or died unusually young. Their parents were found to have been similar. Other researchers Rocklin and Lavetts (1987) research has demonstrated that identity formation (process by which a child incorporates aspects of a significant other) adds to inter-generational transmission. This is because they form these identifications as a coping mechanism rather than actual identity. However, the identification can persist and is often seen to be used later in life. Conclusion It is clear that being abused puts people at risk of being abusive towards their offspring but it is not the only factor and the path is not direct. There are many protective factors that buffer the adverse effects of abuse, which often breaks the cycle of abuse. The methodological limitations of most experiments (and lack of control measures) have lead to misleading representations of the statistics, and the inter-generational transmission of false facts (Widom, 1989). However the persistent acceptance of the inter-generational theory seems to have undermined many studies as well. The risk factors and society in which a child learns from seems to cause abuse and the transmission from generation to generation. In conclusion abuse is not necessarily transmitted from generation to generation, because there are many protective factors and the path is not direct. The past and present influence the likelihood of abused children becoming abusive parents, not just the possibility of the int er-generational abuse occurring.